Various extension/Agricultural developmental programmes launched by ICAR/Govt. of India( IADP, IAAP, HYVP, KVK, IVLP, ORP, ND, NATP, NAIP, ATIC, RKVY, Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana, Soil Health Card, NRLM etc.)
Rural Developmen: Concept, Meaning, definition; Various rural developmen Programmes launched by Govt. of India.(ICDS, IRDP, NHM, MNREGA,Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for empowerment of Adolescent girls/boys, Geamin Bhandaran Yojana , Pradhan Mantri Gram Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Kaushal vikas Yojana)
1. IADP :
Intensive Agricultural District Programme (IADP-1960)
The major outacome of the above thinking was the formulation of a strategy of
intensive approach to agricultural production, specially the foodgrains. A new
programme named as IADP was formulated which was launched gradually from 1960.
The third five year plan (1961-1966) incorporated this programme into the planned
development process.
This programme was popularly known as a "package programme". This name
was given because of the collective and simultaneous application of all practices of
improved seeds, irrigation, fertilizer, plant protection, implements, credit, etc.
This programme was started in July 1960 in seven selected districts in various
states. They were (I) West Godavari in AP, (ii) Shahabad in Bihar, (iii) Tanjore in Tamil
Nadu, (iv) Raipur in MP, (v) Ludhiana in Punjab; (vi)Pali in Rajasthan; and (vii) Aligarh
in UP. The selection of these districts were done on the basis of their high potentiality for
increasing the yield in shorter time. These selected districts had suured water supply for
irrigation, well developed cooperatives, good physical infrastructure and minimum
hazards.
Objectives
(i) to achieve rapid increase in the level of agriculture production through a
concentration of financial, technical, extension and administrative resources;
(ii) to achieve a self-generating breakthrough in productivity and to raise the
production potential by stimulating lthe human and physical process of change;
and
(iii) to demonstrate the most effective ways of increasing production and thus, to
provide lessons for extending such intensified agricultural production programes
to other areas.
Short coming
1. Educational approach to reach farmers was lacking.
2. VLW were found below standard and were not able to impress farmers.
IAAP:
Intensive Agricultural Area Programme (IAAP-1964)
During the third five year plan 30 per cent increase in food grain production was
achieved through IADP. The intensive promotion of agriculture was very popular among
policy-makers and administrators. As a result of this a revised version of IADP with less
intensive and therefore less costly programme was formulated and launched in selected
blocks of 150 districts. It was named as IAAP. The selected blocks were to have the
same physical conditions as in the case of selection of districts for IADP. Under this
programme 20 to 25 per cent of the cultivated area of the country was brought ujnder the
intensive agricultural development.
Implementation of IAAP was accepted by Agricultural Production Board and
came into operation in March 1964. This programme also followed the package
approaches of use of improved methods. The use of interrelated factors of physical,
social and institutional were also followed in a strategic combination mainly to produce
an impact on agricultural production. Th management of these programmes did not
function as envisaged. There were many weaknesses of deficiency in inter-agency and
inter-personal coordination, inadequate staff motivation, malpractices, non-formulation of
local production plans on proper lines and delay in delivery of inputs to farmers.
However, the production and productivity were modest. The highly adverse conditions
(droughts) during 1966-68 served as a big blow. The foodgrains output was still
insufficient to meet the rising domestic demands. Imports were also continued to
supplement the local production.
Objectives of IRDP
The main objectives are creating assets, employment, increased income, removal
of poverty and minimising inequality. The guide lines given to achieve the objectives
include:
(i) to provide gainful employment and increase the purchasing power of rural poor.
(ii) The job opportunities must be provided through the application of science and
technology in making optimum use of existing local resources.
(iii) The programme must be simple enough to operate and be economically viable
to ensure quick self-reliance of its beneficiaries.
For achieving its objective of rural poverty alleviation, IRDP aimed at the
provision of assets to the identified poor in the form of Government subsidy and bank
credit on reasonable rate of interest.
HYVP:
High Yielding Variety Programme (HYVP-1966)
Launched in l1966, which helped the country in attaining self-sufficiency in food.
The technological development did not remain confined to the introduction of high
yielding crop varieties alone. These were combined with the application of high analysis
and balanced fertilizer, irrigation, plant protection, improved implements etc, which made
a 'green revolution' possible in the country. The pervasive influence of high yielding
technology spread to other areas of farm production such as animal production, such as
animal production, fishery, sericulture, social forestry etc.
Punjab, Haryana and Western parts of UP were initially selected for the phased
launching of this strategy. The cultivation of HYV since 1966-67 had resulted in a
substantial increase in foodgrains production. Wheat production was doubled. Rice
production also had a substantial increase, though not as much as in the case of wheat.
The target of coverage of 2.5 crore hectares of area under HYVs of cereals and millets
under fourth five year plan was exceeded. The coverage was more than four crore
hectares.
KVK :
Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK –1974)
The vigorous attempt was realized by the Education Commission (1964-66) to establish a
specialized institution to provide vocational education in agriculture and allied fields at the pre and
post matriculation levels to cater to the training needs of a large number of boys and girls coming
from rural areas. The recommendation of Education Commission was thoroughly discussed during
1966-1972 associating the Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Planning Commission,
ICAR and other institutions. Finally, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) mooted
the idea of establishing Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Farm Science Centre) as innovative institutions for
imparting vocational training to the farmers and field level extension functionaries. As a result of
this, in 1973 a committee headed by Dr. Mohan Singh Mehta of Seva Mandir, Udaipur (Rajasthan)
was constituted and based on its report in 1974 it was decided to have Krishi Vigyan Kendra
(KVKs) as Farm Science Centers for speedy transfer of technology to the farmer’s fields.
The first KVK was established in 1974 at Pondicherry under the administrative control of
the Tamilnadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. In Gujarat 1st KVK was established in Deesa
during 1976 which is working nowadays under the administrative control of the SDAU,
Sardarkrushinagar. At present total 694 KVKs including 30 KVKs of Gujarat are established and
functioning in the country.
The Mandate of the KVK’s is
The final revised mandate of KVK is Technology Assessment and Demonstration for
its Application and Capacity Development. (TADA-CD)
It includes:
1. Conducting on-farm testing to identify the location specificity of agricultural technologies
under various farming systems
2. Organizing frontline demonstrations to establish production potential of various crops and
enterprises on the farmers’ fields
3. Organizing training for capacity development of farmers and field extension personnel to
orient them in the frontier areas of technology development
4. Creating awareness about improved technologies to larger masses through appropriate
extension activities
5. Work as resource and knowledge centre of agricultural technology for supporting initiatives of
public, private and voluntary sector for improving the agricultural economy of the district
6. Production and supply of good quality seeds and planting materials, livestock, poultry and
fisheries breeds and products and various bio-products to the farming community
Objectives:
1. To demonstrate the latest agricultural technologies to the farmers as well as the extension
workers of the State Department of Agriculture / Non-Governmental organizations with a
view to reducing the time-leg between the technology generation and its adoption.
2. To test and verify the technologies in the socio-economic condition of the farmers and
identifying the production constraints.
3. To get first-hand scientific feedback from the fields and passing it to the research system
in order to keep the scientists abreast with the performance of the technologies and the
farming problems, so that they re-orient their research, education and training programme
accordingly.
4. To impart training to the farmers, farmwomen, rural youth and field level extension
functionaries by following the principles of 'Teaching by doing' and 'Learning by doing'.
5. To provide training and communication support to the line department of the State/NGOs.
6. To develop extension models to be adopted by general extension system for large scale
multiplications.
7. Organizing farm science clubs in rural areas for young farmers.
8. Developing and maintaining demonstration unitson KVK farm in scientific lines.
Activities of Krishi Vigyan Kendra:
Based on mandate, the following activities are performed by the KVKs.
1. On farm testing.
2. Front line demonstrations.
3. Vocational training of practicing farmers, farm women and rural youths.
4. In service training of extension functionaries.
5. Serve as knowledge center in the district.
6. Farm advisory other extension activities.
The above said activities are performed every year by the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, through
specialist of six disciplines viz., Extension Education, Agronomy, Horticulture, Plant Protection,
Animal science, Agriculture Engineering (the specialist can be changed as per location specific
need), which are most relevant taking into consideration national resources and infrastructure
facilities of the district.
Features of Krishi Vigyan Kendra:
1. Powerful technical support
2. Real experience as training
3. Need based training courses
4. Flexibility with farmers
5. Concept of integrated training
6. Real field oriented course content
7. Specific area of operation
8. Informal training without certificate or diploma
9. Powerful institutional linkage
10. Practical training
11. Frequent follow up measures
12. Training interaction and reporting systems
13. Impact study of the trainings, demonstrations and all extension activities
Organization of KVK:
The project is sponsored by the ICAR and implemented by its Research Institutes, State
Agricultural Universities (SAUs), NGOs and State Department of Agriculture. In selecting host
institutions preference is given to institutions/agencies having agriculture base and experience of
rural development and training.
The KVK is headed by a Senior Scientist of the rank of an Associate Professor designated
as Programme Coordinator with sufficient field experience in the field of agricultural extension or
agronomy. The head is supported by scientists (Training Associate) in field of Extension,
Agronomy, Horticulture, Home science, Agricultural engineer, Animal science, Soil science,
Fisheries, Plant protection etc. (according to regional requirement). The head is also supported
with three technical staff designated as Training Assistant (Computer programmer, Farm Manager,
Training).
The Local Management Committee, which is now renamed as Scientific Advisory
Committee in each KVK, is an important instrument of management. This committee is devoted
to constantly review the progress of the KVK, provide guidance for organizing training
programmes and follow-up extension activities and redress, whereas possible. This is strong
mechanism for functional linkage with other sister organizations/institutions.
Chairman of SAC: Head of the host institute
Other Members of SAC: DEE, Director ATARI, Representative ICAR institute, Associate
Director of Research of the zone, District officers of the line departments, Representative of
NABARD and Lead bank, District information officer, 2 farmer’s representatives among which
one should be woman farmers.
ATMA:
Agricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA):
ATMA is a society of key stakeholders involved in agricultural activities for sustainable
agricultural development in the district. It is a focal point for integrating Research and Extension
activities and decentralizing day-to-day management of the public Agricultural Technology
System. It is a registered society responsible for technology dissemination at the district level. As
a society, it would be able to receive and expend project funds, entering into contracts and
agreements and maintaining revolving accounts that can be used to collect fees and thereby
recovering operating cost.
Why ATMA?
The ATMA at district level would be increasingly responsible for all the technology
dissemination activities in the district. It would have linkage with all the line departments, research
organizations, non-governmental organizations and agencies associated with agricultural
development in the district. Research and Extension units within the project districts such as Zonal
Research Station or substations, KVKs and the key line Departments of Agriculture, Animal
Husbandry, Horticulture and Fisheries etc. would become constituent members of ATMA. Each
Research-Extension unit would retain its institutional identity and affiliation but programmes and
procedures concerning district-wise Research-Extension activities would be determined by ATMA
Governing Board to be implemented by its Management Committee.
Location of the Office: The registered office of the ATMA shall be located at district collectorate
premises.
Objectives:
1. To identify location specific needs of farming community for farming system based
agricultural development;
2. To set up priorities for sustainable agricultural development with a Farming Systems
Approach;
3. To draw plans for production based system activities to be undertaken by farmers/ultimate
users;
4. To execute plans through line departments, training institutions, NGOs, farmers
organizations and allied institutions;
5. To coordinate efforts being made by various line departments, NGOs, farmers
organizations and allied institutions to strengthen research extension-farmers linkages in
the district and to promote collaboration and coordination between various State funded
technical departments;
6. To facilitate the empowerment of farmers/producers through assistance for mobilization, organization into associations, cooperatives etc. for their increased participation in
planning, marketing, technology dissemination and agro-processing.
7. To facilitate market interventions for value addition to farm produce.
Organization:
Under ATMA, it is proposed to have a governing board which would be a policy making
body and provide guidance as well as review the progress and functioning of the ATMA. The
management committee would be responsible for planning and reviewing the day-to-day activities.
ATMA Governing Board:
The registered office of the ATMA shall be located at district collectorate premises.
1. District Development Officer (DDO)is the Chairman of governing board
2. Chief Executive Officer /Chief Development Officer (As Vice Chairman)
Members:
1. Joint Director/ Deputy Director
(Agriculture)
2. A Representative from ZRS/KVK
3. One farmer representative
4. One livestock producer
5. One horticulture farmer
6. Representative of woman farmer
7. One SC/ST farmer representative
8. A representative of NGOs
9. Lead Bank Officer of the District
10. Representative of the district industries
center
11. Representative of agricultural
marketing Board
12. Representative of input supply
association
13. One fisheries/sericulture representative
14. Project Director, ATMA-Member
Secretary cum Treasurer (Ex-officio)
ATMA Management Committee (AMC):
The management committee would be responsible for planning and execution of day-to-day activities of ATMA.
Project Director, ATMA is the Chairman of the committee.
Members: District head of Department of agriculture, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries,
Sericulture, line departments that may important within a district, head of KVK and one
representative of NGOs, in charge of farmer organization.
SREP: ATMA management committee conducts PRA and prepares Strategic Research and
Extension Plan (SREP) for the district. SREP is a useful document provides the details of problems
and technological needs for agricultural development in a district. The basic aim of SREP is to
link the research and extension system with the farmers. It is a bottom up planning process carried
out at the district level to identify the technological and training need of the farmers. It speaks out
the extension and research priorities of the district based on grass root analysis. It is very useful
and comprehensive document to understand the whole agricultural scenario of the district. .
ROLE OF ATMA:
1. Take steps to ensure that problems, constraints and needs to the farming system based
agriculture development are identified and diagnosed periodically.
2. Draw up plans for an integrated research-extension linkage approach for farming systems
based agriculture development.
3. Ensure that line departments/institutions draw up integrated development plan based upon
resources available with them and incremental/supplementary resources mobilized by the
ATMA.
4. Forge or develop systematic linkages between national /state/ district institutions of
excellence in the field of agriculture and marketing.
5. Ensure capacity building of manpower engaged in overall agricultural development and
strengthen infrastructure support for the benefit of the farmer/producer.
6. Create suitable mechanism to ensure location specific adaptive, indigenous knowledge
based research.
7. Ensure adequate linkages and frequent interaction between scientists, extension
functionaries technicians and farmers, in order to prepare an integrated plan to effectuate
their linkage, support each other, better understanding and appreciation of their problems,
means adopted to sort out problems and plans etc., and to develop a mechanism of
feedback;
8. Ensure capacity building of the ultimate users- the farmers in terms of physical, financial
and skill resources base by way of adequate financial support canalized through credit
institutions, private investments and training for skill up gradation.
9. Facilitate farmers' organization to take lead-role on mobilizing support services and
resources.
10. Facilitate private investments for infrastructure development, private institutions have to
take lead in the delivery of goods and services to ultimate users (farmers).
11. Facilitate the processing and marketing activities of the agricultural, livestock, dairy,
poultry, silk and allied produce of the farmers with the help of private sector institutions.
12. Receive and expend project funds, maintain revolving accounts, enter into contracts and
agreements, receive donations and provide services and deliver goods to beneficiaries.
13. Accept grants of money, securities or property of any kind and undertake and accept the
management of any endowment, trust funds or donations not inconsistent with the
objectives of the ATMA, on such terms and conditions as may be fitted with the objectives
of the ATMA and be prescribed by the Government of India from time to time.
14. Generate resource in order to bring financial sustainability through charging for selected
services rendered to beneficiaries by ATMA.
15. Create administrative, technical, ministerial and other posts in the ATMA and make
appointments accordance with the rules and regulations of the State Government.
16. Do all such other lawful acts and things either alone or in conjunction with other
organizations or persons, as the ATMA may consider necessary, incidental or conductive
to the attainment of the above objectives.
17. All such lawful acts and things whether incidental to objectives in force or not as may be
requisite in order to furtherance of the objectives of the ATMA.
18. Sell, lease, exchange and otherwise transfer of any portion and the properties of the society
(ATMA).
Farm school:
Among the recent innovative modifications in the ATMA structure the organisation of Farm
Schools is the notable one. The teachers of the schools could be progressive/achiever/successful
farmers where students are the leaders of Commodity Interest Groups (CIGs), Farmers Interest
Groups (FIGs) of different village. The main activity of school is to operationalize “Front Line
Demonstrations” on integrated crop management includes filed preparation, seed treatment, IPM,
INM, etc. The schools also provide season long technical training to farmers. The knowledge and
skills of students and teachers could be sharpening through training, and exposure visits at
district/state/national level. The responsibility of students is to provide support to other farmers in
their respective or neighboring village. It serves as a mechanism for farmer-to-farmer extension at
every block.
ATIC:
Agricultural Technology Information Centre (ATIC)
It is also known as SINGLE WINDOW SUPPORT SYSTEM
The foundation stone of agricultural revolution has been the accessibility of improved
varieties of crops, breeds of livestock including poultry and fisheries, horticultural plant
materials and improved management practices for improved productivity, sustainability and
stability of various crop and livestock enterprises. This has raised the hunt by farmers for future
availability of seed, planting materials and other materials, trouble-free accessibility to
diagnostic services for soil fertility and plant protection, availability of appropriate information
through leaflets and pamphlets and increased scope in sale of consultancy services.
Habitually the farmers are not aware as to whom and where to approach for field
problems. It is felt that the facilities of a single window approach will unable farmers to have
the required information for the solution to their problems related to the areas in which the
concerned institute is involved. With these views, the ICAR has taken decision to set up ATICs
as a part of World Bank funded National Agricultural Technology Project. In Gujarat, all SAUs
are having such centers.
Agricultural Technology Information Centre (ATIC) a single window support system
linking the various units of a research institutes with intermediary users and end users (farmers)
in decision making and problem solving exercise.
The rationale for establishment of ATIC are
1. To provide diagnostic services for soil and water testing, plant and livestock health.
2. To supply research products such as seeds and other planning materials, poultry strains,
livestock breeds, fish seed, processed products, etc, emerging from the institution for
testing and adaptation by various clientele.
3. Providing information through published literature and communication materials as
well as audio—visual aids.
4. Providing an opportunity to the institutes/SAU/s to generate some resource through the
sale of their technologies.
The important criteria of Agricultural Technology Information are
1. Availability (or accessibility) of new technologies,
2. Relevance of new technologies;
3. Responsiveness of new technologies to the needs of different categories of farmers; and
4. Sustainability of such unit within the overall institutional system
By building on the past investment in infrastructures in these institutions considerable farm
worthy techniques/ technologies/ knowledge material have been developed in the institutions
which can provide the techniques, technologies, seeds and planting materials to the farmers
and other organizations for taking up the frontier technologies, to the field. This will facilitate in dealing effectively with the complexity and diversity of information system and
channels.
Such information will be useful for:
1. Farmers
2. Farmer-entrepreneurs
3. Extension workers and development agencies
4. NGOs and
5. Private sector organization
Objectives of the center:
1. To provide a single window delivery system for the products and species available from
an institution to the farmers and other interested groups as a process of innovativeness
in technology dissemination at the institute level.
2. To facilitate farmers to access the institutional resources available in terms of
technology, advice, technology products etc. for reducing technology dissemination
losses.
3. To provide mechanism for feedback from the users to the institute. In addition to
supporting individual farmers groups, public and private agencies in supplying quality
materials technology, technologies knowledge etc. The information, services and
supplies will include:
• Soil and water sample testing facilities
• Plant clinic and diagnostic center
• Biofertilizers and bio-pesticide
• Bio control agents
• Seed and planting material, small implements
• Fertilizer quality testing
• Insecticide quality testing
• Tissue culture and plant material
• Farm literature: leaflets, pamphlets, journal / magazines, booklets, manuals etc.
• Audio and video on crops and other enterprises.
• Process products: Cereals, milk, meat, fish, vegetable, fruits, mushroom, honey etc.
• Cafeteria – (Tea/Coffee/Lassi/Cold drinks/Snakes etc.)
• Technology Park (Display/Exhibition)
• Veterinary- Animal clinical service for small as well as large animals
• Poultry and livestock breads, fish seed etc.
Thus major objective of this system is to supply all the information on technologies,
techniques and knowledge and necessary inputs and materials including planting materials,
seeds advisory services, diagnostic services from the one place. It receives feedback from the
farmers regarding the services of the host institute.