Under this topic of agronomy, we will get detailed information about Dry Farming and Tillage as well as complete information about Dry Farming and Tillage .
➤ On the basis of rainfall, dryland agriculture is divided into three parts -
1. Dry farming- First the definition of dry farming was given by Dr. John A. Windshoe was given in the year 1863.
➤ Areas where annual rainfall is 750 mm. Dry farming is adopted there. This cultivation is mainly done in dry areas and its main purpose is moisture conservation.
Or
➤ Where the annual rainfall is 20 cm or less (up to 30 cm in areas with erratic rainfall), the cultivation of useful crops in a profitable manner without irrigation is called dry farming.
➤ What are the characteristics of dry land farming?
I. Annual rainfall - 800 mm. fewer.
II. Cultivation period in days - less than 200.
III. Cropping method – Single crop or intercropping.
IV. Problems - wind and water erosion.
V. Area of crop production - arid and semi-arid areas.
2. Dryland farming - This farming is done in areas where annual average rainfall is 750 to 1150 mm and this farming is mainly done in semi-arid areas and its main purpose is moisture and land conservation.
3. Rain fed farming- Areas where annual average rainfall is 1150 mm. It is cultivated there. This cultivation is mainly done in the semi-humid and humid areas and its main purpose is drainage.
➤ Conservation of moisture in dry farming
1. by deep plowing
2. Using Mulch
3. Use of rain watershed.
4. Weed Control
5. Use of windbreak/shelterbelt
6. By reducing the amount of transpiration.
➤ Use of Antitranspirants - These are substances that work to conserve moisture in the plant by reducing the amount of emissions in the plant.
It is mainly of four types -
1. Stomata dosing type - These substances reduce the loss of water by closing the stomata of the leaves of plants. For example - Phenyl mercuric acid (PMA), Atrazine (weed killer), ABA.CO, etc. ,
2. Reflecting type - These substances reduce the temperature of the leaves by reflecting the rays coming from the sun. Due to which water loss through transpiration process in the plant is reduced. For example, spraying of Kaolin @ 5% substance.
3. Film forming - These substances form a thin coating on the surface of the leaves, which reduces the transpiration. Such as - Mobilife, Hexadecanol, Silicone, Oil and Wax containing substances.
4. Growth Retardants- These substances slow down the growth of stem as compared to root, due to which plants require less water. eg - cyclosil
Crop management in dry farming
1. Growing Mixed Farming – This is crop insurance for dry farming.
2. In dry farming, the seed rate is generally kept 10 to 15 percent more and the number of plants is kept 10 to 15 percent less.
3. Sowing should be done in East-West direction.
4. Suitable varieties of crops for dry farming -
Maize - Sankul Ageti-76, D-765
Jowar - SPV-96, CSH-6, CSH-14, SPV-17
Millet - W CC-75, MH-179, RHB-90
Groundnut - AK 12-24, GG-2 JL24
Sesame - RT-46, RT-127, RT-25, TC-25
Soybean - JS-335, NRC-37
Cotton - Ganganagar Early, RST-9, RS-875, RG-8, Wagan, Kalyan
Castor - Aruna, Goch-1, Goch-4, DCH-32, GCH-4, Jyoti
Guar - RGC-936, RG-197, Durgapura Safed, Durgajay
Moong- RMG-62, K. 851, Pusa Baisakhi, SML-668
Moth - Jadia, Jwala, RMO-40, IPMCO-880, I.P. CMO-912
Urd - T.-9, Krishna, Barkha
Chanwla - RC-19, RS-9, C-152, FS-68
Arhar - Prabhat, T-21
Taramira-T-27, ITSA
Toria - Bhavani, Pt-303, T.-9
Mustard - Varuna (T-59), Durgamani, Vaibhav, RH-30, Pusabold, Aravali,
Pusa Jai Kisan (Bio-902)
Kusum - N.-62-8,, Bhima, S.144, E.V.7, J.S., F.S.-5, D.S.H.129
Linseed - Rl.102, Mira
Chana - RSG-2, Dahod Yellow, Pratap Chana-1, C.-235, BJ-256
Sunflower - Modern
Barley - Rd. 31, Rd-2552
Wheat - D.-134, Mukta (Katia), K-65, Lokwan-1,
Other important points -
➤ Rainfed farming is done on 67 percent area (142 million hectares) in India.
➤ In Rajasthan, 62% of the area is under dry cultivation.
➤ Deficiency of N2, P2, O5 & Zn elements is often found in the land of dry cultivated areas.
➤ In dry farming in India, 40 to 42 percent of food grains and 75 percent to pulses and oilseeds produce 80 percent.
➤ In dry land farming, the amount of fertilizers is kept half as much as in ordinary farming.
➤ Guar is a suitable crop for dry land cultivation in Rajasthan.
➤ Among the pulse crops, the most drought tolerant crop is Moth.
➤ In dry areas, manure should be used in the root zone so that the maximum benefit of soil moisture can be taken.
➤ Water conservation methods should be adopted for moisture storage in dry farming.
➤ In dry farming areas, negligible (zero) land refining should always be done.
➤ The entire cultivable area of Rajasthan is 60-70% rainfed.
➤ Contour method should be cultivated in sloping land.
➤ The infestation of termites is more in dry areas. Pumpkin vegetables are suitable for dry farming.
➤ Water Harvesting - When there is more rainfall in the rainy season then the extra water which starts flowing in the land. Collecting it and saving the collected water from the losses of evaporation and filtration and using it for crop production is called water harvesting.
➤ Rajasthan is divided into how many main agro-climatic regions on the basis of rainfall-
1. Arid region - 100-300 mm of rainfall - 1-a,1-b, 1-c
2. Dry and semi-arid intertidal - 300-500 mm. II-a, II-b
3. Semi-humid- 500-750 mm. IV-a, IV-b
4. Wet zone - 750 mm. over-V
➤ In dry land farming areas, milva farming or suitable crop rotation should be adopted.
➤ In dry land farming areas, sowing of Kharif crops should be done in opposite direction and rows of slope.
➤ Nitrogen in ammonia form should not be used in dry areas.
➤ Principles of crop rotation
1. After the shallow rooted crop, the deep rooted crop should be grown.
2. The crop requiring more manure should be followed by the crop requiring less manure.
3. After leguminous crops, non-leguminous crops should be sown.
4. Crops that require more water should be sown after crops that require less water.
5. Crops that require more weeding should be sown after crops that require less weeding.
6. There should be efficient use of agricultural resources.
➤ Benefits of crop rotation - By improving the fertility of the land and physical condition, the yield of crops increases and the farmer gets more profit.
➤ One crop rotation can be from one to four years.
➤ Example of one year crop rotation-
1. Millet-cumin,
2. Sesame-wheat
3. Moth-wheat
4. Bajra-Wheat/Fenugreek/Mustard
5. Arhar-wheat
6. Guar-wheat etc.
➤ Example of two year crop rotation-
1. Guar-wheat-millet-gram,
2. Maize-wheat-urd-mustard
3. Cotton-wheat-guar-wheat/mustard etc.
➤ Example of three year crop rotation-
1. Maize-Sugarcane-Pedi (Paddy)-Wheat
2. Cotton-Methi-Sugarcane-Pedi
➤ Suitable crop rotation for dry farming areas in Rajasthan is millet-gram, jowar-gram, maize-mustard, jowar-mustard etc.
➤ Suitable crop rotation for irrigated areas in Rajasthan Groundnut-Wheat, Paddy-Wheat/Barley, Maize-Wheat/Barley
➤ Growing more than one crop in a field at the same time is called mixed cropping.
➤ Mixed crops - Sowing of mixed crops of this community is done by mixing seeds together in rows or sprinkling like - wheat + gram + barley, tur + jowar
➤ Companion crops - Seeds of this category are not mixed with each other. Rather, they are left in separate rows, such as five rows of wheat between two rows of mustard.
➤ Guard crops - In this, the main crop is sown in the middle. For example- Sowing jute around the sugarcane field.
➤ Subsidiary Crops - In this category of mixture, protector crops are sown to support the low yield of the main crop. Like growing Japanese rye with berseem. Here Japanese rye is an auxiliary crop which increases the yield of berseem.
➤ There are nine types of mixed farming-
1. Growing two or more crops in different rows in the same field at the same time is called intercropping.
2. Growing the seeds of two or more crops at the same time in the same field is called mixed cropping.
3. Growing only one crop in a year is called single crop.
4. Growing two consecutive crops in the same field in the same year is called double crop.
5. Growing three or more continuously in the same field in the same year is called Bahushasya.
6. Growing crops one after the other at a rapid pace without leaving the field empty is called successive.
7. Sowing the second crop a few weeks before the harvest of the crop is called cover cropping.
8. Growing multiple crops at different heights in the same field at the same time is called multi-storey cropping.
9. When the production of two crops is more when sown together than when sown separately, then it is called intercropping.
➤ In order to create proper conditions in the soil for growing crops, all the mechanical actions from pre-sowing to post-harvest are called tillage.
➤ There are two types of tillage.
➤ All the mechanical operations done before sowing are called primary tillage. For example, tillage (display, indigenous plow, mold gold plow, harrow)
➤ All the mechanical activities till sowing and after sowing are called Secondary Tillage. E.g. cultivator, dibbler, siderail machine, planter, disc harrow, laser land leveler (to level the land), ridgehal (in making beds), weeding, hoeing,
➤ The process of land refining in which zero tillage of the land is called minimum / zero land refining (in sandy soil of Rajasthan). This land finishing was first adopted in America.
Other important points :-
➤ Black clay soil requires excessive tillage which is called excessive land refining.
➤ Farming of animals and growing crops together is called mixed farming.
➤ In India, 75 percent of the total oilseeds and pulses are produced under dry farming.
➤ The average monsoon period in Rajasthan lasts for 40-60 days.
➤ Green Revolution gave the slogan of 'Produce more food'.
➤ Rippers are used for harvesting millet jowar.
➤ Share - That part of the plow which comes in contact with the ground, opens and reverses it.
➤ Deep tillage 25 to 30 cm., Medium tillage 15 to 20 cm., Light tillage 5 to 6 cm. gets deep.
➤ Disc wheel and disc harrow have disc angle of 40 to 45° and tilt angle of 15 to 25°.
➤ Soil erosion / Erosion - The physical movement of soil particles from their place is called soil segregation or transport soil erosion.
➤ Soil erosion rate should not exceed 12 tonnes per hectare per year. Whereas in India it is 16 tonnes per hectare per year.
➤ Wave Erosion - Caused by the combined effect of water and wind.
➤ Anthropogenic Erosion - occurs due to overgrazing of animals on the land.
➤ Wind Erosion - This erosion occurs in arid and semi-arid areas, waste or barren land which is mainly devoid of vegetation. Most of those soils.
➤ There is less rainfall in the northern and western regions of the state, where there is maximum wind erosion due to strong storms in May-June.
➤ There are two types of soil erosion.
1. Natural/Geological Erosion - The continuous and gradual erosion of soil naturally covered by vegetation, wind and water is called natural erosion. This erosion always balances the processes of soil formation and soil destruction. It does not cause any particular harm. This erosion cannot be stopped by man. In this the rate of soil erosion is very low.
2. Accelerated erosion - It occurs in soil without vegetation. In this, the speed of soil erosion by wind and water is more than that of soil formation. This erosion is the most damaging. But can be stopped by man.
➤ Soil erosion is caused by two forces - 1. water and 2. wind
Water Erosion -
➤ The process of cutting and flowing of soil particles by water is called water erosion. It is more common in humid areas. The following are the types of water erosion:-
1. Splash - In this, the raindrops scatter the soil particles and build a small house there. This is the initial stage of soil erosion, this erosion is affected by the size and intensity of raindrops.
2. Sheet Erosion - In this, a thin layer of soil gets washed away with rain water. This is the initial stage of soil erosion, this erosion is affected by the size and intensity of raindrops. In this erosion, the running water carries away the fertile soil in the soil surface. The most harmful from the agricultural point of view is soil erosion.
3. Rally Erosion- In this, very small drains are made in the field. These drains end at the time of plowing.
➤ The movement of soil particles from one place to another by wind is called wind erosion. This erosion is more in dry areas where vegetation is found to be negligible.
➤ Transport of air soil takes place in three ways
1. Saltation - In this soil particles jump from one place to another. It has 0.1 to 0.5 mm. The soil particles bounce off. In terms of weight, 50-75 percent of soil erosion occurs by this process.
2. Suspension - 0.1 mm in it. soil particles less than Hangs in the air. The particles keep flying through the air into the atmosphere. Which are transferred for thousands of kilometers. It causes 3-4 percent erosion.
Dry Farming
➤ On the basis of rainfall, dryland agriculture is divided into three parts -
1. Dry farming- First the definition of dry farming was given by Dr. John A. Windshoe was given in the year 1863.
➤ Areas where annual rainfall is 750 mm. Dry farming is adopted there. This cultivation is mainly done in dry areas and its main purpose is moisture conservation.
Or
➤ Where the annual rainfall is 20 cm or less (up to 30 cm in areas with erratic rainfall), the cultivation of useful crops in a profitable manner without irrigation is called dry farming.
➤ What are the characteristics of dry land farming?
I. Annual rainfall - 800 mm. fewer.
II. Cultivation period in days - less than 200.
III. Cropping method – Single crop or intercropping.
IV. Problems - wind and water erosion.
V. Area of crop production - arid and semi-arid areas.
2. Dryland farming - This farming is done in areas where annual average rainfall is 750 to 1150 mm and this farming is mainly done in semi-arid areas and its main purpose is moisture and land conservation.
3. Rain fed farming- Areas where annual average rainfall is 1150 mm. It is cultivated there. This cultivation is mainly done in the semi-humid and humid areas and its main purpose is drainage.
➤ Conservation of moisture in dry farming
1. by deep plowing
2. Using Mulch
3. Use of rain watershed.
4. Weed Control
5. Use of windbreak/shelterbelt
6. By reducing the amount of transpiration.
➤ Use of Antitranspirants - These are substances that work to conserve moisture in the plant by reducing the amount of emissions in the plant.
It is mainly of four types -
1. Stomata dosing type - These substances reduce the loss of water by closing the stomata of the leaves of plants. For example - Phenyl mercuric acid (PMA), Atrazine (weed killer), ABA.CO, etc. ,
2. Reflecting type - These substances reduce the temperature of the leaves by reflecting the rays coming from the sun. Due to which water loss through transpiration process in the plant is reduced. For example, spraying of Kaolin @ 5% substance.
3. Film forming - These substances form a thin coating on the surface of the leaves, which reduces the transpiration. Such as - Mobilife, Hexadecanol, Silicone, Oil and Wax containing substances.
4. Growth Retardants- These substances slow down the growth of stem as compared to root, due to which plants require less water. eg - cyclosil
Crop management in dry farming
1. Growing Mixed Farming – This is crop insurance for dry farming.
2. In dry farming, the seed rate is generally kept 10 to 15 percent more and the number of plants is kept 10 to 15 percent less.
3. Sowing should be done in East-West direction.
4. Suitable varieties of crops for dry farming -
Maize - Sankul Ageti-76, D-765
Jowar - SPV-96, CSH-6, CSH-14, SPV-17
Millet - W CC-75, MH-179, RHB-90
Groundnut - AK 12-24, GG-2 JL24
Sesame - RT-46, RT-127, RT-25, TC-25
Soybean - JS-335, NRC-37
Cotton - Ganganagar Early, RST-9, RS-875, RG-8, Wagan, Kalyan
Castor - Aruna, Goch-1, Goch-4, DCH-32, GCH-4, Jyoti
Guar - RGC-936, RG-197, Durgapura Safed, Durgajay
Moong- RMG-62, K. 851, Pusa Baisakhi, SML-668
Moth - Jadia, Jwala, RMO-40, IPMCO-880, I.P. CMO-912
Urd - T.-9, Krishna, Barkha
Chanwla - RC-19, RS-9, C-152, FS-68
Arhar - Prabhat, T-21
Taramira-T-27, ITSA
Toria - Bhavani, Pt-303, T.-9
Mustard - Varuna (T-59), Durgamani, Vaibhav, RH-30, Pusabold, Aravali,
Pusa Jai Kisan (Bio-902)
Kusum - N.-62-8,, Bhima, S.144, E.V.7, J.S., F.S.-5, D.S.H.129
Linseed - Rl.102, Mira
Chana - RSG-2, Dahod Yellow, Pratap Chana-1, C.-235, BJ-256
Sunflower - Modern
Barley - Rd. 31, Rd-2552
Wheat - D.-134, Mukta (Katia), K-65, Lokwan-1,
Other important points -
➤ Rainfed farming is done on 67 percent area (142 million hectares) in India.
➤ In Rajasthan, 62% of the area is under dry cultivation.
➤ Deficiency of N2, P2, O5 & Zn elements is often found in the land of dry cultivated areas.
➤ In dry farming in India, 40 to 42 percent of food grains and 75 percent to pulses and oilseeds produce 80 percent.
➤ In dry land farming, the amount of fertilizers is kept half as much as in ordinary farming.
➤ Guar is a suitable crop for dry land cultivation in Rajasthan.
➤ Among the pulse crops, the most drought tolerant crop is Moth.
➤ In dry areas, manure should be used in the root zone so that the maximum benefit of soil moisture can be taken.
➤ Water conservation methods should be adopted for moisture storage in dry farming.
➤ In dry farming areas, negligible (zero) land refining should always be done.
➤ The entire cultivable area of Rajasthan is 60-70% rainfed.
➤ Contour method should be cultivated in sloping land.
➤ The infestation of termites is more in dry areas. Pumpkin vegetables are suitable for dry farming.
➤ Water Harvesting - When there is more rainfall in the rainy season then the extra water which starts flowing in the land. Collecting it and saving the collected water from the losses of evaporation and filtration and using it for crop production is called water harvesting.
➤ Rajasthan is divided into how many main agro-climatic regions on the basis of rainfall-
1. Arid region - 100-300 mm of rainfall - 1-a,1-b, 1-c
2. Dry and semi-arid intertidal - 300-500 mm. II-a, II-b
3. Semi-humid- 500-750 mm. IV-a, IV-b
4. Wet zone - 750 mm. over-V
➤ In dry land farming areas, milva farming or suitable crop rotation should be adopted.
➤ In dry land farming areas, sowing of Kharif crops should be done in opposite direction and rows of slope.
➤ Nitrogen in ammonia form should not be used in dry areas.
Crop Circle :-
➤ Definition - Sowing of crops in a fixed sequence in a certain land for a certain period is called crop rotation.➤ Principles of crop rotation
1. After the shallow rooted crop, the deep rooted crop should be grown.
2. The crop requiring more manure should be followed by the crop requiring less manure.
3. After leguminous crops, non-leguminous crops should be sown.
4. Crops that require more water should be sown after crops that require less water.
5. Crops that require more weeding should be sown after crops that require less weeding.
6. There should be efficient use of agricultural resources.
➤ Benefits of crop rotation - By improving the fertility of the land and physical condition, the yield of crops increases and the farmer gets more profit.
➤ One crop rotation can be from one to four years.
➤ Example of one year crop rotation-
1. Millet-cumin,
2. Sesame-wheat
3. Moth-wheat
4. Bajra-Wheat/Fenugreek/Mustard
5. Arhar-wheat
6. Guar-wheat etc.
➤ Example of two year crop rotation-
1. Guar-wheat-millet-gram,
2. Maize-wheat-urd-mustard
3. Cotton-wheat-guar-wheat/mustard etc.
➤ Example of three year crop rotation-
1. Maize-Sugarcane-Pedi (Paddy)-Wheat
2. Cotton-Methi-Sugarcane-Pedi
➤ Suitable crop rotation for dry farming areas in Rajasthan is millet-gram, jowar-gram, maize-mustard, jowar-mustard etc.
➤ Suitable crop rotation for irrigated areas in Rajasthan Groundnut-Wheat, Paddy-Wheat/Barley, Maize-Wheat/Barley
➤ Growing more than one crop in a field at the same time is called mixed cropping.
➤ Mixed crops - Sowing of mixed crops of this community is done by mixing seeds together in rows or sprinkling like - wheat + gram + barley, tur + jowar
➤ Companion crops - Seeds of this category are not mixed with each other. Rather, they are left in separate rows, such as five rows of wheat between two rows of mustard.
➤ Guard crops - In this, the main crop is sown in the middle. For example- Sowing jute around the sugarcane field.
➤ Subsidiary Crops - In this category of mixture, protector crops are sown to support the low yield of the main crop. Like growing Japanese rye with berseem. Here Japanese rye is an auxiliary crop which increases the yield of berseem.
➤ There are nine types of mixed farming-
1. Growing two or more crops in different rows in the same field at the same time is called intercropping.
2. Growing the seeds of two or more crops at the same time in the same field is called mixed cropping.
3. Growing only one crop in a year is called single crop.
4. Growing two consecutive crops in the same field in the same year is called double crop.
5. Growing three or more continuously in the same field in the same year is called Bahushasya.
6. Growing crops one after the other at a rapid pace without leaving the field empty is called successive.
7. Sowing the second crop a few weeks before the harvest of the crop is called cover cropping.
8. Growing multiple crops at different heights in the same field at the same time is called multi-storey cropping.
9. When the production of two crops is more when sown together than when sown separately, then it is called intercropping.
Tillage:-
➤ There are two types of tillage.
➤ All the mechanical operations done before sowing are called primary tillage. For example, tillage (display, indigenous plow, mold gold plow, harrow)
➤ All the mechanical activities till sowing and after sowing are called Secondary Tillage. E.g. cultivator, dibbler, siderail machine, planter, disc harrow, laser land leveler (to level the land), ridgehal (in making beds), weeding, hoeing,
➤ The process of land refining in which zero tillage of the land is called minimum / zero land refining (in sandy soil of Rajasthan). This land finishing was first adopted in America.
Other important points :-
➤ Black clay soil requires excessive tillage which is called excessive land refining.
➤ Farming of animals and growing crops together is called mixed farming.
➤ In India, 75 percent of the total oilseeds and pulses are produced under dry farming.
➤ The average monsoon period in Rajasthan lasts for 40-60 days.
➤ Green Revolution gave the slogan of 'Produce more food'.
➤ Rippers are used for harvesting millet jowar.
➤ Share - That part of the plow which comes in contact with the ground, opens and reverses it.
➤ Deep tillage 25 to 30 cm., Medium tillage 15 to 20 cm., Light tillage 5 to 6 cm. gets deep.
➤ Disc wheel and disc harrow have disc angle of 40 to 45° and tilt angle of 15 to 25°.
Soil Erosion :-
➤ Soil erosion / Erosion - The physical movement of soil particles from their place is called soil segregation or transport soil erosion.
➤ Soil erosion rate should not exceed 12 tonnes per hectare per year. Whereas in India it is 16 tonnes per hectare per year.
➤ Wave Erosion - Caused by the combined effect of water and wind.
➤ Anthropogenic Erosion - occurs due to overgrazing of animals on the land.
➤ Wind Erosion - This erosion occurs in arid and semi-arid areas, waste or barren land which is mainly devoid of vegetation. Most of those soils.
➤ There is less rainfall in the northern and western regions of the state, where there is maximum wind erosion due to strong storms in May-June.
➤ There are two types of soil erosion.
1. Natural/Geological Erosion - The continuous and gradual erosion of soil naturally covered by vegetation, wind and water is called natural erosion. This erosion always balances the processes of soil formation and soil destruction. It does not cause any particular harm. This erosion cannot be stopped by man. In this the rate of soil erosion is very low.
2. Accelerated erosion - It occurs in soil without vegetation. In this, the speed of soil erosion by wind and water is more than that of soil formation. This erosion is the most damaging. But can be stopped by man.
➤ Soil erosion is caused by two forces - 1. water and 2. wind
Water Erosion -
➤ The process of cutting and flowing of soil particles by water is called water erosion. It is more common in humid areas. The following are the types of water erosion:-
1. Splash - In this, the raindrops scatter the soil particles and build a small house there. This is the initial stage of soil erosion, this erosion is affected by the size and intensity of raindrops.
2. Sheet Erosion - In this, a thin layer of soil gets washed away with rain water. This is the initial stage of soil erosion, this erosion is affected by the size and intensity of raindrops. In this erosion, the running water carries away the fertile soil in the soil surface. The most harmful from the agricultural point of view is soil erosion.
3. Rally Erosion- In this, very small drains are made in the field. These drains end at the time of plowing.
4. Gully corrosion - This is an advanced stage of relay corrosion. In this, the drains created by relay erosion become so wide or deep that after cutting the fertile soil, the under-soil also starts cutting. These drains are not exhausted by ordinary plowing. It is a severe form of erosion by water.
➤ It is also called admixture erosion, this erosion is more in the area of Chambal around Kota.
Wind Erosion:-
➤ It is also called admixture erosion, this erosion is more in the area of Chambal around Kota.
Wind Erosion:-
➤ The movement of soil particles from one place to another by wind is called wind erosion. This erosion is more in dry areas where vegetation is found to be negligible.
➤ Transport of air soil takes place in three ways
1. Saltation - In this soil particles jump from one place to another. It has 0.1 to 0.5 mm. The soil particles bounce off. In terms of weight, 50-75 percent of soil erosion occurs by this process.
2. Suspension - 0.1 mm in it. soil particles less than Hangs in the air. The particles keep flying through the air into the atmosphere. Which are transferred for thousands of kilometers. It causes 3-4 percent erosion.
3. Surface creep - 0.5 to 3 mm in it. Soil particles of greater size are transferred from one place to another by crawling on the land surface. This causes 5-25% soil erosion.
Soil Erosion:-
➤ Land degradation is caused by water in all parts of the country.
➤ In Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, there is erosion by wind.
➤ The formula A = RKLSCP is used to estimate the loss caused by land erosion by water.
➤ Every year in India, there is a loss of nutrients due to soil erosion - 60 lakh tonnes of nitrogen, 60 lakh tonnes of phosphorus, 100 lakh tonnes of potassium and 100 lakh tonnes of calcium.
➤ The formula for the loss caused by wind erosion is E=IRKFCWDB
➤ The measures of soil erosion are broadly divided into two parts.
➤ Agronomic and engineering measures Crop management is done according to the capacity of land and water.
➤ The methods used to prevent soil erosion for agricultural areas from the point of view of numerical land and water conservation are called.
➤ Highest tillage is adopted up to 8% slope.
➤ Land erosion percentage can be reduced by 50 percent contour plowing.
➤ There are mechanical measures to prevent soil erosion-
1. Construction of Samoch Dam
2. Prakrambaksha Dam
3. Subcycling
4. B.B.F. system
5. Ladder Farming
6 .Jing farming
➤ Crop methods to stop soil erosion -
1. Contour Cultivation
2. Ground refining
3. Mulching
4. Crop Circle
5. Planting crops in strips
➤ Erosion - Soils have the potential to be erosive agents.
➤ Erodibility - Susceptibility to soil erosion.
➤ The factors affecting wind erosion are climate, vegetation and topography.
Soil Erosion:-
➤ Land degradation is caused by water in all parts of the country.
➤ In Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, there is erosion by wind.
➤ The formula A = RKLSCP is used to estimate the loss caused by land erosion by water.
➤ Every year in India, there is a loss of nutrients due to soil erosion - 60 lakh tonnes of nitrogen, 60 lakh tonnes of phosphorus, 100 lakh tonnes of potassium and 100 lakh tonnes of calcium.
➤ The formula for the loss caused by wind erosion is E=IRKFCWDB
➤ The measures of soil erosion are broadly divided into two parts.
➤ Agronomic and engineering measures Crop management is done according to the capacity of land and water.
➤ The methods used to prevent soil erosion for agricultural areas from the point of view of numerical land and water conservation are called.
➤ Highest tillage is adopted up to 8% slope.
➤ Land erosion percentage can be reduced by 50 percent contour plowing.
➤ There are mechanical measures to prevent soil erosion-
1. Construction of Samoch Dam
2. Prakrambaksha Dam
3. Subcycling
4. B.B.F. system
5. Ladder Farming
6 .Jing farming
➤ Crop methods to stop soil erosion -
1. Contour Cultivation
2. Ground refining
3. Mulching
4. Crop Circle
5. Planting crops in strips
➤ Erosion - Soils have the potential to be erosive agents.
➤ Erodibility - Susceptibility to soil erosion.
➤ The factors affecting wind erosion are climate, vegetation and topography.
Tags
Agronomy-ENG